Contextualization of digitalization in Indonesia was published through Presidential Instruction No. 03 of 2003, which examines the digitalization strategy and the government's digitalization goals, in which some considerations need to be implemented with current conditions through six digitalization strategies, including: (1) developing an intelligent and reliable service system, and affordable for the wider community, (2) organizing the management system and work processes of the government and autonomous regional governments holistically, (3) utilizing information through technology optimally, (4) increasing the participation of the business world and develop the telecommunications industry and information technology, (5) developing human resource capacity in both the government and autonomous regional governments, accompanied by increasing community e-literacy, and (6) carrying out development systematically through realistic and measurable stages.
This strategic policy was pushed back with the issuance of Law No. 06 of 2014, requiring each village to have a digital-based village information system, then Central Java Governor Regulation No. 47 of 2016 regarding guidelines for the preparation of SID (Village Information System). The development of digitalization has penetrated the law in Indonesia so that it relates to stakeholders who have been indirectly affected by technology. Nevertheless, the Minister of Villages, Development of Disadvantaged Regions and Transmigration, Abdul Halim Iskandar, emphasized that digitalization at the village level needs to be balanced with an adequate increase in digital literacy. He mentioned that there were many negative impacts of using internet-based gadgets. His policy encouraged the development of digital technology to improve community services (Novri, 2021).
In the future, companies will increasingly use contractors who work on specific tasks and intend to use the workforce more flexibly by deploying digital out-of-office and decentralizing operations. The evolution towards a digital society is not about getting people to use technology but rather how technology affects and changes people's lives. Hence, from the perspective of inclusion, individuals in social and economic behavior can change the cultural perspective of production into relevant policy objectives and analysis subjects in the modern world. The view of Haase & Buus (2020) conveys that communities and individuals have no choice but to pursue digitalization as quickly as possible if they do not want to be left behind.
Results of a study by Ferro et al. (2011) and Okunola et al. (2017) showed that several factors influenced the obstacles to digitizing rural communities, including low income, limited education, low literacy rate, minority background, employment status, age, area of residence, disability, gender, single parent, race, and social class. Regarding performance, the experts identified digitalization indicators of different levels of e-government maturity. This analysis was also confirmed by Friemel (2016), which identified reasons for not using the internet, due to use that was too complicated, learning effort required, fear of security, concerns over technical difficulties, help from others to find information and send messages, high costs, no support, limited hearing, and vision loss, annoying content, problems with memory, low content credibility, lack of time and dexterity. Additionally, the analysis by Ciesielska et al. (2022) reported that the view of the online space and the growing fear of possible fraud and abuse required special attention to this issue when developing rural digitalization services.
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